⧪ BALLAST:
Coarse stone or hard clinker, sand or slag carried by a moving unit to keep it held down or to keep equilibrium steady.
⧪ BANK:
A mass of soil rising above a digging level.
⧪ BASE COURSE:
One or more layers of specified materials of designed thickness (Usually asphaltic concrete course), placed on a subbase course or a subgrade to support a surface course.
⧪ BASEMENT MATERIAL:
The material in excavation or embankment underlying the lowest layer of subbase, base, pavement, surfacing or another specified layer which is to be placed on.
⧪ BASIN:
A receptacle for runoff (Storm) water.
⧪ BATTER:
The inward slope from bottom to the top of a wall face.
⧪ BERM:
An artificial horizontal ledge in an earth bank or cutting to ensure the stability of steep side slopes of roadbed (Shoulder). Also, berms are built to hold water on land that is to be flood irrigated.
⧪ BEAM:
A horizontal structural member designed to resist loads which bend it.
⧪ BEARING:
(1) The supporting section of a beam length or area.
(2) The compressive stress between a beam and its support (bearing pressure), particularly on foundations.
(3) The horizontal angle turned between a datum direction such as true north and a given line.
⧪ BENCHMARK:
A relatively fixed point whose elevation is known and used as a datum for leveling.
⧪ BENDING FORMULA :
The formula for beams of any homogeneous material.
Moment (M)= Stress X Modulus of Section or (M)= Force X Arm
⧪ BERNOULLI EQUATION:
Is an Energy equation for two points along the bottom of an open channel experiencing uniform flow.
⧪ BIDDER:
Any individual, firm, partnership, corporation, or the combination thereof, submitting a proposal for the work contemplated, acting directly or through a duly authorized representative.
⧪ BINDER:
(1) A material such as cement, tar, bitumen, gypsum plaster, lime, or similar material, when mixed with other material, it causes uniformity, consistency, solidification or cohesion.
(2) The clay or silt in hoggin or the cement rock.
(3) A stirrup or steel rod usually about 6 to 10 mm diameter used for holding together the main steel in a reinforced-concrete beam or column.
⧪ BITUMINOUS SEAL COAT:
A thin bituminous application to a surface or wearing course to seal and waterproof small voids and to embed sand or chips to provide better traction.
⧪ BLEEDING or FLUSHING:
(1) Separation of clear water from the cement paste of mortar or concrete. Two types are known, the first beneficial, the second harmful to concrete strength, but they may co-exist. The first occurs during compaction, water can flow out of concrete, lie on its surface, and thus encourage good curing for the first few hours during hot weather. The second type of bleeding occurs after compaction, water segregates beside or under the steel or larger stones, weakening the bond between them and the body of the concrete. A plasticizer should enable the water to cement ratio to be lowered to reduce this type of bleeding.
(2) Upward migration of bituminous material resulting in a film of asphalt on the surface.
⧪ BLEMISH:
Any imperfection which mars the appearance of wood, concrete, paint or another finished surface.
⧪ BLINDING:
Mat or mattress or sealing coat. A layer of lean concrete usually 2 to 4 inches thick, put down on soil such as clay to seal it and provide a clean bed for reinforcement to be laid on.
⧪ BLOTTER:
Absorbent material (i.g., sand) to dry freshly wet surfaces.
⧪ BORING:
A drilling into the earth to bring up samples of the soil.
⧪ BORROW:
Suitable material excavated from sources outside the roadway prism (i.g., Borrow Pit), to provide fill elsewhere, primarily for embankment.
⧪ BOULDER:
A rock which is too heavy to be lifted readily by hand.
⧪ BOULEVARD:
A wide city street usually planted with shade-trees (Landscaped).
⧪ BRIDGE:
Single or multiple span structures, including supports, erected over a depression or an obstruction such as water, a highway or railway and having a track or passageway for carrying traffic.
⧪ BRIDGE BEARING:
The support at the bridge pier or abutment, which carries the weight of a bridge.
⧪ BRIDGE DECK:
The load-bearing floor of a bridge, that carries and spreads the loads to the main beams.
⧪ BRIDGE LENGTH:
The greater dimension of a structure measured along the center of the roadway between backs of abutment back walls or between ends of the bridge floor.
⧪ BRIDGE ROADWAY WIDTH:
The clear width of structure measured at right angles to the center of the roadway between the bottom of curbs or between the inner faces of parapet or railing.
⧪ BYPASS:
Road joining two parts of an older road to avoid a town or village.
Coarse stone or hard clinker, sand or slag carried by a moving unit to keep it held down or to keep equilibrium steady.
⧪ BANK:
A mass of soil rising above a digging level.
⧪ BASE COURSE:
One or more layers of specified materials of designed thickness (Usually asphaltic concrete course), placed on a subbase course or a subgrade to support a surface course.
⧪ BASEMENT MATERIAL:
The material in excavation or embankment underlying the lowest layer of subbase, base, pavement, surfacing or another specified layer which is to be placed on.
⧪ BASIN:
A receptacle for runoff (Storm) water.
⧪ BATTER:
The inward slope from bottom to the top of a wall face.
⧪ BERM:
An artificial horizontal ledge in an earth bank or cutting to ensure the stability of steep side slopes of roadbed (Shoulder). Also, berms are built to hold water on land that is to be flood irrigated.
⧪ BEAM:
A horizontal structural member designed to resist loads which bend it.
⧪ BEARING:
(1) The supporting section of a beam length or area.
(2) The compressive stress between a beam and its support (bearing pressure), particularly on foundations.
(3) The horizontal angle turned between a datum direction such as true north and a given line.
⧪ BENCHMARK:
A relatively fixed point whose elevation is known and used as a datum for leveling.
⧪ BENDING FORMULA :
The formula for beams of any homogeneous material.
Moment (M)= Stress X Modulus of Section or (M)= Force X Arm
⧪ BERNOULLI EQUATION:
Is an Energy equation for two points along the bottom of an open channel experiencing uniform flow.
⧪ BIDDER:
Any individual, firm, partnership, corporation, or the combination thereof, submitting a proposal for the work contemplated, acting directly or through a duly authorized representative.
⧪ BINDER:
(1) A material such as cement, tar, bitumen, gypsum plaster, lime, or similar material, when mixed with other material, it causes uniformity, consistency, solidification or cohesion.
(2) The clay or silt in hoggin or the cement rock.
(3) A stirrup or steel rod usually about 6 to 10 mm diameter used for holding together the main steel in a reinforced-concrete beam or column.
⧪ BITUMINOUS SEAL COAT:
A thin bituminous application to a surface or wearing course to seal and waterproof small voids and to embed sand or chips to provide better traction.
⧪ BLEEDING or FLUSHING:
(1) Separation of clear water from the cement paste of mortar or concrete. Two types are known, the first beneficial, the second harmful to concrete strength, but they may co-exist. The first occurs during compaction, water can flow out of concrete, lie on its surface, and thus encourage good curing for the first few hours during hot weather. The second type of bleeding occurs after compaction, water segregates beside or under the steel or larger stones, weakening the bond between them and the body of the concrete. A plasticizer should enable the water to cement ratio to be lowered to reduce this type of bleeding.
(2) Upward migration of bituminous material resulting in a film of asphalt on the surface.
⧪ BLEMISH:
Any imperfection which mars the appearance of wood, concrete, paint or another finished surface.
⧪ BLINDING:
Mat or mattress or sealing coat. A layer of lean concrete usually 2 to 4 inches thick, put down on soil such as clay to seal it and provide a clean bed for reinforcement to be laid on.
⧪ BLOTTER:
Absorbent material (i.g., sand) to dry freshly wet surfaces.
⧪ BORING:
A drilling into the earth to bring up samples of the soil.
⧪ BORROW:
Suitable material excavated from sources outside the roadway prism (i.g., Borrow Pit), to provide fill elsewhere, primarily for embankment.
⧪ BOULDER:
A rock which is too heavy to be lifted readily by hand.
⧪ BOULEVARD:
A wide city street usually planted with shade-trees (Landscaped).
⧪ BRIDGE:
Single or multiple span structures, including supports, erected over a depression or an obstruction such as water, a highway or railway and having a track or passageway for carrying traffic.
⧪ BRIDGE BEARING:
The support at the bridge pier or abutment, which carries the weight of a bridge.
⧪ BRIDGE DECK:
The load-bearing floor of a bridge, that carries and spreads the loads to the main beams.
⧪ BRIDGE LENGTH:
The greater dimension of a structure measured along the center of the roadway between backs of abutment back walls or between ends of the bridge floor.
⧪ BRIDGE ROADWAY WIDTH:
The clear width of structure measured at right angles to the center of the roadway between the bottom of curbs or between the inner faces of parapet or railing.
⧪ BYPASS:
Road joining two parts of an older road to avoid a town or village.
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