Which chemical admixtures utilized in concrete as per international standards?

Calcium chloride  ( Cacl2 ): 

An inorganic compound, (salt) with the chemical formula of CaCl₂. It has white color crystalline solid at normal room temperature, with highly soluble property in water, Acetone & Acetic acid. Calcium chloride has a melting point of 772 °C & the Boiling Point of 1,935 °C.

Sulfur trioxide ( SO₃ ):

A chemical compound, with a relatively narrow liquid range. In the gaseous form, this category has a significant pollutant, act as the primary agent in acid rain. With the melting point of   16.9 °C  & Boiling point of 44.9 °C, It is prepared on an industrial scale as a precursor to sulfuric acid. sulfur trioxide is Colorless liquid & gas having a white crystalline solid formation which will fume in the air.

Tricalcium aluminate ( Ca₃Al₂O₆  / C3A ):
the most basic of the calcium aluminates is formulated as 3CaO·Al₂O₃ to highlight the proportions of the oxides from which it is made mostly related to the heat of hydration, It does not occur in nature but has an important role of mineral phase in Portland cement. 

With the Melting point of 1,542 °C, it releases a large amount of heat during the first few days of hardening which generally results in early age cracking. Cements with the high content of C3A are not suitable for mass concreting and are better to be mixed with fly ash.

RFX Documents, Know the Difference Between RFI, RFQ and RFP

Do you know! what is RFX?

We were often asked from our readers what is the difference is between a Request for Information (RFI), a Request for Proposal (RFP) and a Request for Quote (RFQ).

These terms are properly used in official documentation.

"RFX" is a term used, to refer to all 'Request For…' documents used to solicit responses, of various types, from suppliers. 

The three common documents are:

Request for Information (RFI)

Request for Proposal (RFP)

Request for Quote (RFQ)

According to our experts the differences between RFQ's, RFI's and RFP's are as follows:

Request for Information (RFI)

An RFI is generally used when the solution to a business problem is not immediately evident or clearly defined. The RFI is used to gather information, NOT to make a selection or an award.

The Supply Chain Management Unit works with the Customer to:

Clearly, describe the problem;

Solicit external expertise regarding how to solve the problem;

Study proposed solutions.

Request for Proposal (RFP)

An RFQ is used when the Customer understands the business problem and what's needed to solve it, including specifications and procedures. Price is usually not the determining factor in the evaluation of an RFP. Factors such as quality, service, and reputation are also taken into consideration.

Request for Quote (RFQ)

An RFQ is generally used to obtain pricing, delivery information, terms and conditions from suppliers. In this case, requestors have a clear understanding of what they need, including requirements and specifications. To procure the exact product or service needed, the Customer provides the Supply Chain Management Unit with as much information as possible, including complete specifications, quantities, and delivery schedule.

The common thread between all three types of "RFX" documents is that the Customer/Government Entity is not obliged to appoint a service provider on the results from issuing any of these requests. The best way to know that a tender award will be made is when you respond to a formal quotation or a competitive bid.
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master schedule vs baseline schedule
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scope baseline
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preliminary baseline schedule
schedule baseline purpose
To learn all you need to know to respond to tenders correctly, and hopefully successfully attend our How-to-Tender workshops. Visit our website to find out more and to register. For more information on the tender courses please email

How an idea save my life and lead to six figure passive income.

It was the cold night of December, taking rest after a long office workload. Completing all my official responsibilities, feeling happy with a fake smile. After an hour of useless rest with open eyes seek discomfort and closed mind. With the decision to do something to entertain. Opened my laptop played some of old school trance tracks of my collection. As the beat of trance drops, I lost my control over the mind, found myself in deep thoughts. feeling more alone, less responsible and careless about the future.

Thought it was just a flashing memory regarding my secured future. The track ends, open the google chrome and start searching some entertainment things which keep me busy and be less stressful. with the waste of three hours with no suitable option available to work on or get entertained. Suddenly a flashing Adsense advertisement shows up. That advertisement's AI (Artificial Advertisement) just track my last three hours search activity.
I was shocked at how possible is that for Google to do the accurate result what I need. I feel so excited & curious too.

All I know that the AI have found the best result for me to get entertained. there are two advertisements on the display. One was a top recommend suggestion. Guess what it should be?

Yeah, that was Game Of Thrones.  But due to the low time schedule,  skipped my choice for Jhon Snow. The second advertisement was that top trending game of the year. PUBG. All I know and heard from one of my colleagues that PUBG is a shooting game having the best graphics, & we can also play it online with other players.

I start dragging my mouse toward the advertisement. as the mouse pointer keeps going close toward the advertisement my heartbeat goes slow & found my self again in deep thought.
Asking myself how foolish am i. Still wasting my time on the internet & should sleep now.

Any why clicking on the Adsense advertisement on top of the chrome tab I see a revolving circle which was showing a new link opening in the new tab. After five seconds there wasn't PUBG's option to play. that was the redirecting link which takes me to a google blog with a minimum post. That blog provides services to learn how to earn online & make money. 

I was shocked at how it is possible for someone to earn money online without any stress and at home. that was the double entertainment in one ticket for me,
my curiosity for that online earning leads me to dig more information from Google.

Time to play cards, investing some of the time to help myself to learn something new.
I start learning to blog. Now at that time, I keep writing articles to keep my mind healthy & fresh.
Right Now I am writing an article for you to keep yourself motivated & keep typing for your future.
To assist myself in writing, downloaded a free Chrome extension Grammarly, which tracks my activity of English writing, suggest be better phrases and also correct my spellings. as well as check my grammar also. 

How to Do Analysis & Design OF G+5 Residential Building with Engineering Software?

Living in the 21st-century number of complicated and erratic structure and designed to endure the Earthquake, Wind and needs to analyze, design the structure by the various engineering software like ETABS, STAAD.Pro, TEKLA and to design the structure in this project we used the ETABS software due to company recommendation and to find stress analysis in slab, shear force for the beam and area reinforcement for the column and design the foundation depends upon the reaction and height of the foundation level depends upon site and safe bearing capacity of the soil due to stability purpose-designed the retaining wall in this project.

Keywords: Stress analysis, IS 875, Shear force, Bending moment, Deflection, Compression members.

 Preface of Engineering Software!

Marvelous structures & Landmarks are designed to resist the earthquake, wind load and stable the structure. Due to damage in the structure, it causes loss of peoples and venerability to the high rise buildings. To check the strength stiffness and resistance the displacement of the building by proper designs and detail. Extensile of the building is capable to design the proper gravity loads and depends on the design of the building, the analysis, the design is done by using the engineering software called E-TABS. ETABS is 3D structural software. ETABS is the abbreviation of "Extended 3D Analysis of Building System. Hence revisions are done depend upon the provisions and the result given by the analysis. Staad always gives higher demand for steel reinforcement. Also after proving the credibility of ETABS by manual calculations. Once correctly define materials in ETABS, and the necessary steps taken in the modeling process and discussed below.

The objective of Analysis Tools & Software

To perform the analysis and design of the structure without any type of failures.

1.      To understand the basic principles of structures by using  Standard Codes

2.      To understand the parameters of the design for beams, columns, slabs and other structural components.

3.      To prepare the 3D model of the structure by using the E-TABS Software for detailed analysis and design.

4.      To produce good structural work for performing analysis and design for a residential & any other kind of building.

Loads and Combination Formula

As per the limit state design of reinforced concrete structures and pre-stressed concrete structures, the following load combination has been taken:

1.      1.5(D.L+L.L)

2.      1.2(D.L+L.L±Ex)

3.      1.2(D/L+L.L±Ey)

4.      1.5(D.L±Ex)

5.      1.5(D.L±Ey)

6.      0.9D.l±1.5Ex

7.      0.9D.L±1.5Ey

For Example

The live load was taken as 2 KN/m² since the analysis and design are being done for the residential building as per IS Code and as there is no need of giving Dead load in E-TABS which is an advantageous thing. Wall load for 9 inches is given as 12.42 KN/m2 and for inner walls 6.21 KN/m2. Floor finish was given as 0.8 KN/m².

Material properties of the structure

A grade of concrete for the slab, beam, column: M20

Column Sizes = 230X350 mm

Beam Size = 230X350 mm

Slab thickness = 150 mm

Number of Stories = 5

Height = 3 meters and plinth height = 1.5 meters

Live Load on slab = 2 kN/sq.m. and Dead load on slab = 1.5 kN/sq.m.

Architectural plan

The plan was taken from the architecture in Lahore and been analyzed and designed by the software package E-TABS.

In fig 1 it shows the center line diagram of the building which is considered for analysis in ETABS.

                                                     Figure 1 Centre line diagram of the building

Methodology/Procedure

Step# 1: Initial setup of Standard Codes and Country codes

Step# 2: Creation of Grid points & Generation of structure

After getting opened with ETABS we select a new model and a window appears where we had entered the grid dimensions and story dimensions of our building.

Step# 3: Define the Property

Here we had first defined the material property by selecting define menu material properties. We add new material for our structural components (beams, columns, slabs) by giving the specified details in defining. After that, we define section size by selecting frame sections as shown below & added the required section for beams, columns etc.

Step# 4: Assign Property

After defining the property we draw the structural components using the command menu. Draw a line for the beam for beams and create columns in the region for columns by which property assigning is completed for beams and columns.

Step# 5: Assign Supports

By keeping the selection at the base of the structure and selecting all the columns we assigned supports by going to assign menu joint\frame Restraints (supports) fixed.

Step# 6: Defining Loads

In ETABS all the load considerations are first defined and then assigned. The loads in ETABS are defined as using static load cases command in define menu.

Step# 7: Assign Dead Loads

After defining all the loads. Dead loads are assigned for external walls, internal walls in the stand but in E-TABS automatically taken care by the software i.e., inbuilt

Step# 8: Assign Live loads

Live loads are assigned for the entire structure including floor finishing.

Step# 9: Assign wind loads

Wind loads are defined and assigned as per IS 875 1987 PART 3 by giving wind speed and wind angle. But since this is a G+3 Residential Building having a total height less than 12 meters there is no need of assigning of wind loads or earthquake loads.

Step# 10: Assign Seismic loads

Seismic loads are defined and assigned as per IS 1893: 2002 by giving zone, soil type, and response reduction factor in X and Y directions_. But since this is a G+3 Residential Building having a total height less than 12 meters there is no need of assigning Seismic loads.

Step# 11: Assign load combinations

Using load combinations command in define menu 1.5 times of dead load and live load will be taken as mentioned in above.

Step# 12: Final Analysis

After the completion of all the above steps, we have performed the analysis and checked for errors.

Step# 13: Ready To Design

After the completion of the analysis, we had performed concrete design on the structure as per IS 456:2000. ETABS performs the designs for every structural element.

                                                   Figure 2 Model in ETABS

By using the centerline diagram the grid system is given by X and Y coordinates and spacing method of the grid system is adapted for convenient of the user.

Results of Example Structure’s Analysis

Shear Force for the analysis part

Shear and bending moment diagrams are analytical tools used in conjunction with structural analysis to help perform structural design by determining the value of shear force and bending moment at a given point of a structural element such as a beam.

                                 Figure 3 Shear force diagram for the structure

The bending moment diagram indicates the bending moment resisted by the beam.

                                Figure 4 Bending moment diagram for the structure

For the area of longitudinal reinforcement, go to design menu in ETABS, concrete frame design and start design check.

                                      Figure 5 Longitudinal reinforcement of the structure

Outcome of Analysis

The given structure is designed based on the E-TABS and the theory of LIMIT STATE METHOD which provide adequate strength, serviceability, and durability besides the economy. The displacement, shear force, bending moment variation has been shown. If any beam fails, the dimensions of the beam and column should be changed and reinforcement detailing can be produced.

Courtesy:
We are thankfull to 

K. Naga Sai Gopal 
B.Tech Student,  Civil Engg. Department, K L University, AP, India.

N. Lingeshwaran  
Assistant Professor Civil Engg. Department, K L University, AP, India.

AP, India.

To make that research publication Possible.

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Cracking in Walls Causes And Remedy

There are cracks in all structures, some minor and immaterial, whereas there are some requiring costly repairs and in some extraordinary cases, the one and the only solution is the complete demolition of the structure.

This article is expected to place cracks into setting:  clearly, one of the real worries of house purchasers, “How big of a problem cracks are” is a question I am regularly inquired.

Firstly I think it is essential to comprehend why structures move. The two principle reasons are settlement and subsidence, and these can best be clarified with the pictures shown below.

Settlement happens because of the downward pressure. Subsidence happens because of the elimination of earth underneath the baseline. The settlement is typical without difficulty handled with the help of the cosmetic repair, and where subsidence can show to be difficult and not very economic for repairment.

There is a circumstance in which settlement can lead to subsidence. Drains are attached to a building, and if these sheer or crack because of the settlement the succeeding leakage could lead to subsidence by washing away of the subsoil.

All structures settle when they are built, the thing to do is to keep the resolution to an extremely low level. The other reasons for the movement and cracking are because of the not very satisfactory methodologies of construction, maintenance, and design.

Types of cracks in the wall

In this article we will learn about  with the five most widespread reasons which lead to the cracks:

⧪ Expansion Cracks

Cause

Walls are influenced by a change in temperature and dampness as well.  Materials can experience the ill effects of introductory shrinkage as well as ensuing constriction and development. This kind of development offers ascends to the cracks. The crack appeared in the picture is appeared as vertical, which is frequently the case. Be that as it may, the crack often follows the line of weakest resistance and may end up stepped.

The cracks are frequently observed above window and entryway openings where the opening itself soothes the crack. This sort of crack has a steady width and it is this that recognizes from other more genuine cracks.

Repair

When left to its own devices, the crack does not pose great significance, however, it can let water into the cavity in houses mainly built with bricks, and subsequence leads to the weakening of the wall ties. For that reason, filling that crack with mastic or elastic compound is very essential. On the other hand, for more rigorous cracking, it is sensible to create an expansion joint. The expansion joint would be cut into the wall, filled with a compactable substance with a water-resistant stopper to the exterior. On many modern structures, these are created at the phase of construction stage and then camouflaged behind rainwater downpipes.

⧪ Cracks in openings

Absence of lintels

Cause

In some structures, due to poor decision of the builders there are the absence of lintels and rely on the timber frame of the window to uphold the masonry above, but when the windows are substituted cracks appear.

Repair

The cracks should be repaired and new lintels should be kept.

⧪ Insufficient bearings

Cause

The accurate overhang (bearing) of the lintels ahead of the openings is 150mm (6 inches) on each side. In cases where the bearings are inadequate, the lintels will drop and the cracks will begin to show. On the other hand, on some older structures, massive stone lintels with only 50mm (2 inches) bearings.

Repair

Changing the lintel is suggested. On the other hand, once again repainting will be enough until the window or door is substituted.

⧪ Loads applied directly over the opening

Cause

This usually happens right above first-floor lintels where the roof have been put right above of the window openings. The load forced is very high for the lintel to manage with and the downward pressure leads to cracking

Repair

In this case, as well replacement of the lintel is suggested. The rigorousness and age of these cracks would determine whether mere repainting would be enough until the window is changed.

⧪ Elimination of doors and windows without ample propping

Cause

The most dominant reason for this kind of cracking is the exclusion of on-hand window frames to install the PVCu. In many cases, we have witnessed the absolute collapse of the brickwork above the bay windows.

Repair

The most suitable repair for this method is to reset the whole lintel and build the brickwork above again and refit the window.

⧪ Wall Tie Failure

Causes

Wall ties refer to the metal ties that are constructed into both solid and cavity walls built in stretcher bond to keep hold of the exterior of the brickwork internally. Breakdown usually happens when rusting occurs in ties. When the metal ties experience rusting they increase leading to the cracking usually seen every sixth course parallel to the mortar joints.

Repairs

Replacing the wall ties is very essential. Cracking is the early symptom of a breakdown. When replacement is not done, there are good chances for the wall to collapse. Removing the existing ties are suggested.

⧪ Subsidence

Cause

• Clay subsoil
• Peak subsoil
• Tree root activity
• Mining activity
• Underground drainage leakage

Repair

It usually needs some kind of underpinning. But, advice from the specialist like the structural engineer will be needed.

⧪ Ground Heave

Cause

The pattern of this cause is similar to that of subsidence crack. But, the crack will be the widest at the foundation of the wall. The most dominant cause is the amplification the clay subsoils.

Repair

In rare cases, underpinning the deeper foundation is the only remedy. For most cases, the ideal solution will be to eliminate the clay from baseline as early as possible and substitute it with hardcore.

7 Unconventional Knowledge About Contract Documentation That You Can't Learn From Books.

Do you know how to use contract management software?

The National Building Code (2018) has specified service agreement also known as contract documents 
contract management requires incorporating the following incorporating construction contract forms:

👷 Contract drawings and requirements arranged by certified architects and certified engineers.

👷 Priced bill of volumes arranged by a certified quantity surveyor.

👷 The Project quality management plan, Construction programme, project health and safety plan arranged by a certified builder;

1. Requirements for the contract;
2. All risk insurance for the constructing works, personnel, and devices.

👷 Contract Drawings:

The contract drawings ( architectural contract documents) incorporate the architectural drawings, the geotechnical engineering designs, and the building services engineering designs. These drawings give information in regards to the arrangement of spaces, structural mechanism, mechanical and electrical installations.

Specifications:

This increases the information specified in the contract designs and bill of volumes. It explains intricately the exertion to be applied under the contract and the character and grade of the substances, mechanism, and employment.

Priced Bill of Quantities:

A priced Bill of Quantities refers to a Bill of Quantities that has its rate and sum section filled by a contracting officer. A Bill of Quantities comprises of a timetable of things of work to be completed under the agreement with amounts entered against everything, agreed as per the Standard Method of Measurement of Building Works (Seeley and Winfield, 2005)

Construction program (project management):

This is a document that is set up all together that the project members may have an exhaustive valuation for the work required, to permit the site generation group to deal with its primary constituent and choose how, in what arrange and at what time to do them; and to guarantee sufficient co-appointment of the work, materials and apparatus prerequisites (Bamisile, 2004)

Project Quality Management Plan:

The Project Quality Management Plan characterizes the different quality-related exercises and systems which will be actualized on the project. It sets down necessities, gives rules, gives data and shows to fitting staff, the strategies to be taken after as for the Project Quality Management Plan. A specimen layout of the Project Quality Management Plan is included in the reference section.

Project Health and Safety Plan:

The Project Health and Safety Plan is a report created to secure the wellbeing, wellbeing, and welfare of people who will work or visit the site. It was likewise created to control the outflow of poisonous substances into the environment and control the keeping and utilization of substances that may be risky to wellbeing. A blueprint of the Project Health and Safety Plan is contained in the index.

States of Contract:

The states of agreement characterize the terms, under which the work is to be embraced, the relationship between the customer, designer and contractual worker, the obligations of the draftsman and temporary workers, and the terms of installment (Seeley and Winfield, 2005)

All Risk Insurance:

This is an agreement record that is produced and demonstrates that all the workforce and hardware connected with a development extend has been protected against misfortune or harm. By protection, every one of the dangers connected with staff and gear in a development venture is exchanged to an outsider.