#industrial engineers     #product design     #mechanical engineering     #electrical engineering     #manufacturing processes     #industrial design     #manufacturing engineering     #design engineering     #quality engineers     #design concepts    

 "Product design engineers , also known as industrial designers , combine their knowledge of design , engineering , and manufacturing processes to create functional products . "0 "Product design engineers may also be responsible for making improvements or updates to existing design and development standards . " 0 "Majors that could prepare a person for a career as a product design engineer are product design and manufacturing engineering , mechanical engineering , and product design engineering technology . " 0

 "CMU 's product design engineering technology program helps you prepare for a career that emphasizes technology applications and their management . " 22 "Product Design Engineering Technology as a discipline overlaps the conceptual talents of industrial designers and the analytical knowledge required of engineers . " 22 "In addition to the Engineering Technology Student Outcomes , graduates of the Product Design Engineering Technology program will demonstrate knowledge and technical competency in : 1 . " 22

 "Product design engineers work as part of a team to design , develop , and test new products . " 20 "As part of the product engineering process , you will read blueprints and schematics , perform engineering calculations , make prototypes , coordinate the life cycle of the product , test and debug issues , monitor manufacturing and assembly processes , and brief management on technical aspects of products . " 20 "Industrial engineers maximize the efficiency of production lines by implementing systems which integrate workers , machines , and information . " 20

 "However , many industrial engineers have degrees in mechanical engineering , electrical engineering , manufacturing engineering , industrial engineering technology , or general engineering . " 3 "Conduct prototype fabrication and testing according to UL requirements for temperature rise and mechanical endurance cycling to validate design concepts . " 3 "Specified design modifications and product improvements as required and supervised all stages of new product development through production start . " 3

 "Industrial Design ( ID ) is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of products may be improved . " 7 "Design aspects specified by the industrial designer may include the overall shape of the object , the location of details with respect to one another , colors , texture , sounds , and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics . " 7 "Design Engineering ( DE ) is a discipline that creates and transforms ideas and concepts into a product definition that satisfies customer requirements . " 7 "Many companies now hire industrial designers to be key strategists , design researchers , ethnographers , and business systems strategists . " 7

 "Leverage external partners ( ODM / JDM / CMs ) to maximize the focus of our internal resources on adding value and differentiation to our product . " 4 "Knowledge of state - of - the art mechanical design and simulation tools , prototyping tools , manufacturing technologies and materials . " 4 "Experience working with ODM and CM , as well as JDM development , leading their technical teams . " 4 "Understanding of the structure of a hardware product organization and the key roles and responsibilities . " 4

 "Stellar answers to this line of questioning will consider the use - case scenarios and demonstrate a basic understanding of manufacturing variability and statistics . " 8 "One easy way to do this is to have him or her present the design test to a broader panel of engineers and face some questioning . " 8 "For example , candidates from the medical device industry will be trained to design things to be robust and to conduct extensive sub - component testing to make sure the first build is good ( because medical devices usually only get two builds ) . 

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Communication Gap in Leadership

In most organizations, communication isn't an answer, it’s a haul.

It doesn’t matter what quantity the “leadership team” emphasize its importance; produce several channels: email, phone, Skype, meetings; add it to the core values of the organization, or repeat however necessary it is. In this special case, there's no lesson to be learned.

Basic useless communication needs a minimum of 2 sides, plus time, and attention. When we raise our team for this, there's an honest probability we are going to cotton on. That’s why most emails will get a reply, most of the meeting invitees will show up, and many phone calls will be answered.

But rare effective communication wants a secret ingredient, which is Care. It’s not something that we could ask for, it’s not part of the job description, it’s not measurable.

It has to be given to us; it’s a gift. How to be ok to merit the gift of Care?

That is the problem.

Tips for pouring stronger, crack-free concrete slabs.

Finishing Timeline

• Place concrete within 90 minutes after it leaves the ready-mix plant.
• Screed immediately after spreading and consolidating concrete.
• Bull-float or darby as soon as possible after screening and before bleed water appears.
• Allow all bleed water to rise to the surface and evaporate; concrete should be hardened enough so that footprints are 1/4 inch deep or less.
• Edge the concrete and cut tooled joints, if desired (not necessary if saw-cutting joints).
• Float the concrete to embed aggregate, remove imperfections, and consolidate surface.
• Trowel to produce a hard, flat surface.
• Saw joints with early-entry saw in one to four hours.
• Saw joints with traditional wet-cut saw after four to 12 hours (as soon as concrete can be sawed without aggregate loosening).

tHIS IS THE TEST pOST

Design of Steel Tanks

The Steel Tanks in simpler words, mean vessels made of steel plates. The steel tanks are each located on ground level or are placed on top of towers. They backed the steel tanks which are positioned on ground on a concrete cement base or on the steel grillage groundwork. I know these steel tanks with perpendicular cylindrical facade and flat base and backed on the ground as surface tanks. 

If the steel tanks are positioned on staging or towers, in that case, the steel tanks are called elevated steel tanks. The steel tanks which are situated on top of towers to give the required pressure head. The elevated steel tanks are normally used in association with the pumping stations. The steel tanks are basically used for storage space and supply of water and other essential fluids, like petroleum, diesel, and kerosene.

The steels are designed and manufactured in compliance with code of practice for usage of steels in gravity fluid tanks IS: 805-1981.

The least measure of thickness of steel plates of these tanks have to be 6mm with exception of rooftops. If the steel water tanks have proportions of salt, the thicknesses of these steel plates have to be 1.5mm additional thicker than previous calculation.

Rectangular Steel tanks

The rectangular steel tanks are made of steel plates with level base. The widths of steel plates for the most part embraced are 1.20 m, 1.25 m and 1.30 m relying on accessibility of the plates. The thickness of steel plates ought not be under 6 mm. The base plates are given in the transverse bearing. These plates are turned up at the finishes. These plates and the tee segments are given in the inward side to cover to shape a butt-joint with the side plates of tanks.

Elevated Circular Steel Tank

The elevated circular steel tanks are constructed with hanging base. The circular steel tanks are constructed with hemispherical, segmental and conical bottoms. The hemispherical, segmental or elliptical bases are normally used. The conical bottom is seldom in practice.

It is hard to make-an acceptable association of conelike base with the roundabout brace. The cone shaped base tanks are utilized as a part of railroads . For little tanks, with hemispherical base, the proportion of stature of barrel shaped shell to the width is roughly I: 1. The proportion is l1/4: 1 for the tanks having limit more than 4,50,000 liters. For the curved base tanks, this proportion is 0’6 : I for the tanks under 6,75,000 liters limit and 0.5 : I for tanks of 6,75,()()() liters limit and then some. For the hemispherical base tanks, the hypothetical drop of the base from spring line is one a large portion of the distance across of the ,tank. For the curved base tanks, this drop is one-fourth the breadth, The steel plates utilized for the sides of the tube shaped shell are kept somewhat unique in distances across, so that the courses are put covering each other inside and outside, then again. The shell plates are molded to suit the shape of the tank. The thickness of the plates in the round and hollow shell ought not be under 6 mm. The ostensible plate thickness as prescribed in Seems to be: 805-1981 for the diverse ostensible tank width is embraced as given in Table in IS 805 . The base thickness of plates in the suspended base ought not be not exactly the thickness of plates in the most reduced course of the round and hollow part of the tank. The plates are sheared or planed to an appropriate angle along the edges by caulking.

It is hard to make a proper association of tapered base with the round support. The funnel shaped base tanks are utilized as a part of railroads. For little tanks, with hemispherical base, the proportion of stature of round and hollow shell to the measurement is roughly I: 1. The proportion is l1/4: 1 for the tanks having limit more than 4, 50,000 liters. For the circular base tanks, this proportion is 0’6 : I for the tanks under 6,75,000 liters limit and 0.5 : I for tanks of 6,75,()()() liters limit and that’s only the tip of the iceberg. For the hemispherical base tanks, the hypothetical drop of the base from spring line is one a large portion of the breadth of the ,tank. For the circular base tanks, this drop is one-fourth the measurement, The steel plates utilized for the sides of the round and hollow shell are kept marginally unique in distances across, so that the courses are set covering each other inside and outside, then again. The shell plates are formed to suit the arch of the tank. The thickness of the plates in the tube shaped shell ought not to be less than 6 mm. The ostensible plate thickness as prescribed in IS 805-1981 for the distinctive ostensible tank measurement is embraced as given in Table in IS 805 . The base thickness of plates in the suspended base ought not be not exactly the thickness of plates in the most minimal course of the round and hollow part of the tank. The plates are sheared or planed to a reasonable slope along the edges by caulking.

Pressed Steel Tanks

The pressed steel tanks have come to usage in large degree courtesy of their easiness in the erection, easiness in transport, set construction, easiness in dismantling assembling and re-erection.

Permissible Stresses

The permissible stresses, as provided in IS 800-1984 are considered to be basic stresses

Which chemical admixtures utilized in concrete as per international standards?

Calcium chloride  ( Cacl2 ): 

An inorganic compound, (salt) with the chemical formula of CaCl₂. It has white color crystalline solid at normal room temperature, with highly soluble property in water, Acetone & Acetic acid. Calcium chloride has a melting point of 772 °C & the Boiling Point of 1,935 °C.

Sulfur trioxide ( SO₃ ):

A chemical compound, with a relatively narrow liquid range. In the gaseous form, this category has a significant pollutant, act as the primary agent in acid rain. With the melting point of   16.9 °C  & Boiling point of 44.9 °C, It is prepared on an industrial scale as a precursor to sulfuric acid. sulfur trioxide is Colorless liquid & gas having a white crystalline solid formation which will fume in the air.

Tricalcium aluminate ( Ca₃Al₂O₆  / C3A ):
the most basic of the calcium aluminates is formulated as 3CaO·Al₂O₃ to highlight the proportions of the oxides from which it is made mostly related to the heat of hydration, It does not occur in nature but has an important role of mineral phase in Portland cement. 

With the Melting point of 1,542 °C, it releases a large amount of heat during the first few days of hardening which generally results in early age cracking. Cements with the high content of C3A are not suitable for mass concreting and are better to be mixed with fly ash.

PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION AN INCREDIBLE EASY METHOD THAT WORKS FOR ALL

PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

Precast concrete is an alternate to cast-in-situ concrete. whereas cast-in-situ concrete is cast in its actual location, formed concrete is cast at another location, either at the building site or during a manufactory and is then upraised to its final resting place and fixed firmly. this implies that not like cast-in-situ construction, that is monolithic or continuous, formed concrete buildings are manufactured from separate items that are locked or connected along.

ADVANTAGES OF PRECAST CONSTRUCTION

Precasting is extream for manufacturing massive numbers of identical elements. for instance, we tend to are building an inexpensive housing development with three,000 identical residences. we tend to might then use precasting to supply wall slabs and floor slabs for all the residences, then raise them into place and connect them.

Since it's drained a purpose-made precasting yard or manufactory, it makes construction easier for the subsequent reasons:

• The construction is completed on the bottom instead of at a height, It will be done within a climate-controlled structure, eliminating issues of rain, dust, cold, or heat
• Specialized formwork (molds) will be engineered for doing several repetitions of the identical part
• Specialized instrumentation will be accustomed to create, move, and pour the liquid concrete
• Curing of the concrete will be drained a controlled setting this means that the standard of formed elements will be terribly high.

Since the elements will be created beforehand, construction will be terribly fast. In cast-in-situ construction, engineers need to build every set of elements once the previous set has finished, that will take time, as concrete typically takes twenty-eight days to achieve its full strength.

DISADVANTAGES OF PRECASTING

There are some main disadvantages of formed concrete construction:

Since every bit is created singly, the structural frame or system isn't monolithic or continuous like regular concrete construction. The joints between items produce structural separation. The forces of the building can tolerate these joints so that they need to be designed to transfer these forces safely and properly. Note that formed concrete will be used for non-structural members too.

Again, because the building is created of separate elements, the joints between adjacent members need to be sealed with special sealants to create them waterproof

Each formed part is typically giant and significant. this implies that cranes are needed to raise them in position; these cranes are needed to work over the complete building volume. Since there'll solely be some cranes at the positioning, the time taken by the cranes to select up a chunk and shift it to its final position becomes important in determinant the building schedule.

HOW AND WHENEVER PRECASTING IS USEFUL

Reinforced concrete could be a material sometimes used for structural systems thanks to its strength, durability, and affordability. formed concrete is employed in the following ways:

1. to make beams, columns, floor slabs, foundations, and different structural members for buildings
2. to make a wall or facing panels for buildings
3. to make formed pre-stressed parts for buildings
4. to make elements for infrastructure projects: parts like bridge spans, or subway line viaducts are usually formed during a casting yard to make merchandise for sale: formed water tanks, septic tanks, emptying chambers, railway sleepers, floor beams, boundary walls, water pipes are all accessible.

Since it will be formed into any form, it also can be accustomed produce occurrence uncommon forms like boats, sculptures and like.

SITE VS. MANUFACTURING PRECASTING

Precasting will be done at a casting yard, in or close to the positioning, or during a manufactory. A key facet of determinant whether or not to use the positioning or manufactory precasting is that the transport prices. manufactory work offers superior quality for obvious reasons, thus if there's a manufactory near the positioning, it is smart to use it.

If a precasting yard is to be created, the house should be arranged out for the subsequent activities:

storing the raw materials, like cement, aggregate, sand, admixtures, water, reinforcement bars, and steel or plyboard sheets for formwork

• Formwork creating and maintenance yard
• Concrete mix plant
• Steel reinforcement yard to create rebar cages to be placed within the concrete
• Casting space
• An activity space
• Stacking space for finished elements

For infrastructure comes, a casting yard is made on a chunk of open land within the town. it's necessary that this can be placed close to a significant main road, because the formed parts will be terribly giant or significant, and can't be taken through slim roads.

The Ultimate Secret Of ELECTROOSMOTIC CONSOLIDATION OF SOIL

Here are some facts regarding electro osmotic consolidation of soil:

1. Electroosmotic consolidation refers to the consolidation of soft clays with the utilization of electric current.
2. It was assessed and utilized for the very first time by Casagrande.
3. It is intrinsic that fine-grained clay particles with outsized interfacial facade will merge and produce momentous settlement when loaded.
4. The settlement brings forward complications in the field of the foundation engineering.
5. Electroosmosis was initially created as a medium of dewatering fine-grained soils for the strengthening and consolidating of the soft saturated clayey soils.
6. Electroosmotic dewatering primarily includes applying a small electric latent across the sediment level.
7. It is the procedure wherein positively charged ions travel from anode to cathode. That is water transfer from the anode to the cathode where it could be composed and pumped out of the soil
8. Electroosmotic flow is subjected to the nature and quality of soil, water proportion, pH and on ionic type concentration in the pore water.
9. Because of  the applied electric potential, the electrolysis of water happens at the electrodes
10. 2H2O -> O2 (g) + 4H+ +4e- oxidation (anode)
11. 4H2O + 4e- -> 2H2 (g) + 4OH- reduction (cathode)
12. The clay particles consist of a –ve charge. These –ve charge creates an electrostatic surface characteristic which is also known as the double layer which produces a net profusion of cations in pore space.
13. Electroosmotic movement of water through clay is an outcome of diffuse double layer cations in the clay pores being turned towards to a negatively charged electrode or cathode.
14. At the point when electrodes are positioned across a saturated clay mass and direct current is executed, water in the clay pore space is elated at the direction of cathode by electro osmosis.
15. Furthermore, frictional drag is produced by the motion of ions as they move across the clay pores contributing to transport supplementary water.
16. The flow created by the electric gradient is also known as electro osmotic flow.

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Bridges - Acting As Helping Hand To Mankind

Over the last several thousand years, bridges have served one altogether the foremost necessary roles among the development of our earliest civilizations, spreading of knowledge, native and worldwide trade, and additionally the increase of transportation. initially created out of simplest materials and designs, bridges presently evolved and enabled carrying of the wide deck and spanning of huge distances over rivers, gorges, the associate inaccessible piece of land, powerfully elevated surfaces, and pre-built city infrastructures. starting with thirteenth century B.C. Greek Bronze Age, stone arched bridges quickly unfold all around the world, eventually leading to the rise of the use of steel, iron and different materials in bridges which is able to span kilometers.

To be ready to serve varied roles, carry totally different types of weight, and span terrains of various sizes and complexities, bridges can powerfully vary in their look, carrying capability, kind of structural components, the presence of movable sections and construction materials.